Dry eye condition, also known as dry eye syndrome or dry eye disease (DED), is an eyelid and eye surface disorder in which the eyelids often do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, resulting in less than normal moisture on the eye surface. This can lead to dry, irritant, itchy eyes that cause localised eyelid redness, discomfort and blurry vision. Contact lens wearers often experience dry eyes due to blinking less often.
This condition is very common, affecting between 25 and 30% of the population, and can be caused by several factors. Dry eyes are increasing, even in children and teenagers. It used to be a condition of old age but is now affecting more and more people due to the changes in our lifestyles.
Common causes include ageing, certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid eye disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as certain medications such as anti-histamines and anti-depressant drugs. Environmental factors like exposure to wind, smoke, air conditioning, computer and other screen use, and dry climates can increase tear evaporation, exacerbating dry eye symptoms. Dry eyes can worsen if the tear quality is already poor. There is a vicious circle of dry eyes, where the dry eyes exacerbate local ocular surface inflammation, leading to worsening discomfort and dryness.
Patients with rosacea often suffer from dry eye syndrome.
Poor sleep and fluctuating hormonal imbalance can exacerbate dry eyes. Anxiety and stress can also worsen dry eyes.