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Clinica London’s Eye Diagnostic & Orthoptic Centre —ClinicaDOC

Clinica London’s Eye Diagnostic & Orthoptic Centre (ClinicaDOC) is recognised nationally and internationally as being in the vanguard for the assessment of:

  • Age related macular degeneration
  • Amblyopia
  • Blepharoplasty
  • Cataract
  • Cornea and Keratoconus
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Dry Eyes
  • DVLA driving standards
  • Glaucoma
  • Inflammatory Eye Disease
  • Macular and retinal disease
  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Orbital Tumour
  • Paediatric Ophthalmology
  • Ptosis
  • Strabismus (squint)
  • Thyroid Eye Disease
  • Uveitis
  • Watering eyes

The Clinica London Eye Diagnostic and Orthoptic Centre (ClinicaDOC) in central London´s Harley Street Medical Area is the diagnostic hub to go to for all eye diagnostic imaging testing using advanced technology, and for orthoptic and motility assessment, for adults and children.

ClinicaDOC has the most advanced Eye Diagnostic technology and is a vanguard eye motility centre with 5 Orthoptists skilled in assessing visual fields, eye motility, vision in children, binocular vision assessment, accommodative and convergence issues.

ClinicaDOC provides Diagnostic Eye Specialty and Orthoptic Motility testing where we do a wide range of diagnostic imaging and motility tests which are performed by the ophthalmic nurses, technicians and orthoptists.

Brand photography for Clinica London

ClinicaDOC background

Clinica London’s Eye Diagnostics and Orthoptic Centre – ClinicaDOC – caters for cataract, cornea, glaucoma, macula disease, neuro-ophthalmlogy, paediatric ophthalmology, retinal disease, strabismus, and uveitis in children and adults.

Retina

We are pleased to promote our retinal and choroidal angiography service with fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) using Heidelberg SPECTRALIS OCT (Ocular Coherence Tomography).

We are delighted to have the highly specialised module for FFA and ICG on the Heidelberg SPECTRALIS OCT used to look at the retinal and choroidal blood flow in diabetic maculopathy, AMD (Age related macular degeneration), macular oedema, CCR (central serous retinopathy) and many other retinal, macular and choroidal pathologies affecting central vision.

FFA and ICGA are also used for optic nerve pathology diagnosis in neuro-ophthalmology.

Cornea And Anterior Eye

Our corneal and ocular surface testing using Pachymetry and with the Pentacam corneal mapping, to show the thickness and shape of the cornea, the angle of the anterior eye, for instance in keratoconus, other corneal diseases such as those awaiting corneal graft, and in glaucoma.

Driving Vision Standards

Our excellent orthoptists do Goldman visual fields for older patients and other patients with established eye pathology wishing to continue driving. On request from DVLA (Driver Vehicle Licencing Authority).

The Eye Diagnostics of ClinicaDOC are for all healthcare professionals to refer their patients, as well as for Clinica London patients. It is service used by our Clinica London consultants and an accessible service for outside ophthalmic consultants, optometrists, allied healthcare professionals, and other organisations, to assist for clinical or medicolegal reasons.

Healthcare Professional referral

External referrals

A patient may attend ClinicaDOC and / or Orthoptic motility testing and fields done on request from the following:

  • Ophthalmologists at Clinica London
  • Ophthalmologists from outside of Clinica London e.g. other Paediatric Ophthalmology Consultants or those Ophthalmic Practitioners without access to such diagnostic tests that we offer
  • General practitioners
  • Occupational health physicians
  • Optometrists
  • Opticians
  • Life Insurance Companies
  • Medicolegal personal eye injury assessment
  • Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)
  • Vision standards for Professional activities, Public Services and Sports Associations
  • School vision eye testing
  • Medicolegal Eye Diagnostic and Orthoptic Assessments
  • Consultant Neurologists – e.g. Optic Nerve Imaging and Visual Field Analysis
  • Consultant Endocrinologists – e.g. Optic Nerve Imaging and Visual Field Analysis

Patient self-referral

A patient may also request the tests themselves, for instance if they have a family history of glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or require specific tests for occupational or professional reasons such as visual fields.

Their requirements can be discussed with the team as it may be best if they see one of our Consultants unless they are already under the care of an outside Ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional advising them on their vision.

It is important that the results of tests are discussed with a professional eye care person and fully understood by the patient. For instance, if the patient is having vision screening for cataract, glaucoma, keratoconus or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), ideally, they should see the Clinica London Consultant if they are an independent self-referral.

Children’s vision screening

To detect refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia.
Although the Orthoptist can do this alone in order, depending on the circumstances we may well recommend that the child also sees the paediatric Ophthalmologist at Clinica London if they are not already under the care and supervision of an outside Paediatric Ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional.

People at Clinica London Involved with ClinicaDOC

Miss Jane Olver

Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon
Oculoplastic (Eyelid) & Lacrimal Specialist
Medical Director
A dedicated Oculoplastic Eyelid surgeon, blepharoplasty, ptosis and Adult strabismus (squint) specialist

Services provided by The Eye Diagnostic and Orthoptic Centre (ClinicaDOC) at Clinica London

ClinicaDOC plays a pivotal role in providing comprehensive eye diagnostics and Orthoptic Motility Assessment in Adults and Children for other ophthalmologists, physicians, optometrists and organisations.

Comprehensive Eye Diagnostics

  • The ClinicaDOC is equipped with a wide variety of advanced eye diagnostic machines. These machines are crucial for conducting thorough eye examinations and diagnosing a wide range of eye conditions.
  • The availability of such advanced equipment ensures that patients receive accurate diagnoses, which is fundamental for effective treatment planning.
  • The diagnostic tests may be requested by the patients own Consultant or GP, or by insurance companies, occupational health, sports associations etc
  • ClinicaDOC is a screening and diagnostic testing centre providing rapid results for all vision and motility problems in adults and children

Screening in adults and children

Many eye conditions benefit for diagnostic eye screening using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) including:

  • Cataract screening helps diagnose if there is a need for sight enhancing surgery.
  • Glaucoma screening helps diagnose if there is a sight threatening eye disease
  • Age related macular degeneration screening helps detect changes in the macula at an early stage and enables treatment options
  • Driving vision tests help establish is the person is safe and legal to drive

In children, the early detection of refractive errors, strabismus (squint) and lazy eye (amblyopia) by the Orthoptists is important screening in the under 5s age group.

Service for External Doctors and Optometrists

  • The ClinicaDOC is not only for the clinic’s patients but is also positioned as a resource for other doctors and optometrists and other medical professionals who may not have access to such advanced diagnostic equipment or who require special diagnostic tests and orthoptic testing.
  • By offering diagnostic and orthoptic services to external practitioners, ClinicaDOC can attract a broader clientele beyond Clinica London. This includes city companies, insurance companies, sports associations etc.

Diagnostic Hub Concept

ClinicaDOC is a premier diagnostic hub, offering top-notch diagnostic services to both internal and external patients.

Wide Range of Services

  • The diagnostic services at ClinicaDOC cover a broad spectrum of eye conditions. These include but are not limited to cataract evaluations, retinal diagnostics, glaucoma assessments, assessment of corneal diseases including keratoconus, driving visual fields, travel and insurance health checks, school vision eye testing, paediatric ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology diagnostics.
  • The centre is equipped to handle paediatric eye diagnostics, which is a growing area of focus for the clinic in view of the support from two paediatric ophthalmologists and the 5 orthoptists.

Utilization by All Consultants

  • All the eye consultants at Clinica London utilize the diagnostic services provided by ClinicaDOC.
  • The ophthalmic technicians, orthoptists and nurses who operate the various diagnostic machines are present every day, ensuring that these services are consistently available to all third party referrals and patients.

Orthoptic Services

The orthoptists at ClinicaDOC provide specialized diagnostics and can provide additional comprehensive eye care for patients.

  • In addition to eye diagnostics, ClinicaDOC also offers orthoptic services from our five highly trained and experienced Orthoptists. These services include assessments and treatments for conditions related to eye movement and coordination, such as strabismus (squints), amblyopia (lazy eye) with patching, binocular vision disorders, reduced vision from refractive disorders (glasses wear), thyroid eye disease and exophthalmos.
  • Driving vision special visual fields testing for DVLA
  • Treatment and monitoring amblyopia (lazy eye)

High Standards and Quality Care

  • The ultimate goal of ClinicaDOC is to provide high-quality diagnostic services and orthoptic assessments that enhance patient care for third party referrals as well as for our own consultants.
  • ClinicaDOC aims to deliver accurate and reliable diagnostic results, which are crucial for effective patient management. This is irrespective of whether the patient is being managed at Clinica or by another professional or organisation. An example is the Driving Visual fields, we have the Orthoptists do these fields for DVLA, and patients requiring diagnostic tests for medicolegal reports by other ophthalmologists.

Children, Teenagers and Adults

ClinicaDOC caters for all ages as appropriate. The orthoptic centre is very active in the assessment of children and teenagers with strabismus, amblyopia, accommodative, refractive issues and lazy eye, and for adults with motility problems as a result of stroke or previous strabismus.

Clinica London is in the vanguard, it is a leader in eye diagnostics and orthoptics, offering comprehensive, high-quality services that meet the needs of both patients and healthcare providers. This focus on diagnostics and orthoptic assessments enhances patient care and contributes a service to optometrists and other medical professionals alike.

a specialist showing an example of an eye to a child

Tests by Ophthalmic Nurses and Technicians

  • Autorefraction
  • Biometry for Eye Lens Measurements for Intra-Ocular Lens in Cataract Surgery
  • Focimetry
  • Goldmann Visual Field Analysis
  • Heidelberg Spectralis Ocular coherence tomography (OCT), OCT A (non invasive view retinal blood vessels), FFA (fundus fluorescein angiography) and ICGA (indocyanine green angiography) with small dye injection arm: Relevant to Retina, Glaucoma, Cataract, and Neuro-Ophthalmology.
  • Humphrey Visual Field Analyser for Visual Fields in Glaucoma, Optic Nerve, and Neuro-Ophthalmology
  • Nasal endoscopy
  • Osmolarity
  • Pachymetry cornea
  • Pentacam corneal, lens assessment
  • Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO): Non invasive Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy is wide field colour fundus photography and fundus autofluorescence imaging. Used for retinal imaging 270 degrees retina hence called wide field.
    • Can be combined with Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA) using small injection dye into the arm.
  • Syringing and probing
  • Tonometry
  • Ultrasound eye: for retinal detachment and vitreous haemorrhage
  • Visual Acuity

Tests by the Orthoptists

  • Accommodation and convergence tests
  • Binocular Vision and stereopsis tests
  • Eye muscle Motility and muscle balance (squints) tests
  • Goldmann Visual Fields including DVLA fields
  • Orthoptic Assessment
  • Prism cover tests
  • Synoptophore stereopsis tests
  • Visual acuity measurements in children of all ages
eye treatment instruments

Specific Diagnostic Tests

Here is detailed information about the specific diagnostic tests, the machines used and their significance in eye diagnostics. These machines are in addition to the general small eye tests of Visual Acuity and intraocular pressure (tonometry). As well as measuring visual acuity using the Thompson screen and measuring the eye pressure with the iCare tonometer, we do tear osmolarity analysis, focimetry to measure the glasses being worn by the patient, autorefraction to measure the refractive error and gauge the glasses needed by the patient to correct this.

Small Diagnostic Tests

  • Visual acuity
    To establish the level of vision in each eye without and with glasses or CLs (Contact Lenses)
    Diagnostic: Thomson Software Visual Acuity Charts
  • Intra-ocular pressure
    To measure the eye pressure, particularly in glaucoma patients
    Diagnostic: I Care tonometer
  • Tear Osmolarity
    To measure the osmolarity of human tears to aid in the diagnosis of dry eye disease in patients suspected of having dry eye disease, in conjunction with other methods of clinical evaluation.
    Tear osmolarity testing takes just 3 minutes.
    Diagnostic: Trukera / TearLab Osmolarity System
  • Autorefraction
    To establish where there is a refractive error that could be improved on with optical aids or surgery
    Diagnostic: Carl Zeiss VisuRef100
  • Focimetry
    To measure the patients own existing glasses
    Diagnostic: Carl Zeiss Visulens 500

Advanced Eye Diagnostic Imaging

1. Humphrey Visual Field Analyser

The Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA) is a cornerstone in visual field testing, widely used for detecting and monitoring glaucoma and other optic nerve diseases. This machine measures the visual field of the patient, providing detailed maps that help ophthalmologists assess the extent of vision loss.

The Humphrey visual field test measures the entire area of peripheral vision that can be seen while the eye is focused on a central point. During this test, lights of varying intensities appear in different parts of the visual field while the patient’s eye is focused on a certain spot. Most commonly one eye is tested at a time.

The Humphrey Visual Field Analysis test takes between 15 and 20 minutes to perform.

Key benefits include:

  • Comprehensive Assessment: It provides a thorough analysis of the visual field, identifying areas of vision loss which can indicate conditions such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, and brain tumours.
  • Tracking Disease Progression: The HFA is invaluable for monitoring disease progression, particularly in glaucoma patients. It helps in adjusting treatment plans based on changes in the visual field over time.
  • Esterman binocular Visual Fields: Provides an accurate overall visual field extent, useful for assessing the impact of drooping lids in ptosis and hooded eyelids, for insurance purposes. In this test both eyes can be tested together to provide an overall visual field.
  • Reliability and Accuracy: It includes features like the Glaucoma Hemifield Test (GHT) and Visual Field Index (VFI), which enhance the accuracy of diagnosis and monitoring (Wikipedia) (American Academy of Ophthalmology) (Verywell Health).

2. Goldman Visual Field Analysis

Goldman perimetry is a manual method of measuring the visual field. It is particularly useful for patients who may have difficulty with automated perimetry.

This exam is usually used to detect brain or nerve (neurologic) problems and to detect the extent of the visual fields and whether they meet current driving standards. Goldman fields take about 20 minutes to perform and are done by the Orthoptists.

Key benefits include:

  • Customizable Testing: Allows for personalized testing strategies, which can be particularly useful for patients with unique visual field defects or those who cannot perform well on automated tests.
  • Detailed Analysis: Provides a comprehensive analysis of both central and peripheral vision, which is critical for diagnosing and managing conditions like glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
  • Manual Control: The examiner can adjust the stimulus during the test, providing flexibility and ensuring more accurate results for patients with specific needs (American Academy of Ophthalmology) (Verywell Health).

3. Heidelberg SPECTRALIS® OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging test that uses light waves to take cross-sectional pictures of the retina, macula, optic nerve head, cornea and anterior segment.

4. Posterior OCT

OCT is a 3-D scan of the back or the eye, the optic nerve, the iris or cornea. It looks at layers, or a cross section of cells. OCT is relevant to Retina, Glaucoma and Cataract, Anterior Segment and Neuro-Ophthalmology.

We use the SPECTRALIS® modular system which has different lenses for the different modalities.

OCT is an outpatient test which takes 15 minutes with the patient sitting comfortably in front of the OCT with their chin on the chin rest and looking at the lens at a blue target in the depths of the lens. If Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA) is required, a full 45 minutes is allocated for the testing.

  • Non-invasive Spectralis Heidelberg OCT Optical Coherence Tomography which is a cell layer retinal analysis where the retinal nerve fibre layers and cells on the retina, optic nerve and macula are analysed. OCT is also used for anterior segment glaucoma lens and drainage angle aqueous. Useful for glaucoma diagnosis.With OCT we perform intravenous tests called FFA and ICGA, which examines dynamic blood flow through the small retinal and choroidal blood vessels. Really helpful in diabetic eye disease, in maculoplathy, in retinal vein occlusion, in age related macular degeneration wet type and dry types.
  • FFA which is Fundus fluorescein angiography using an injection of fluorescein into an arm vein.A few seconds later the dye is seen and imaged as it passes through retinal blood vessels. Abnormal blood vessels not easily seen with the naked eye light up and become visible.
  • ICGA is similar but using indocyanine green dye and targets deeper choroidal blood flow. Both are usually done together as they complement each other.

Very few other units offer these FFA and ICGA tests, nor such a wide range of tests, making ClinicaDOC unique. We are super special.

Test, this is an outpatient test which takes 15 minutes with patient sitting comfortably in front of the OCT with their chin on the chin rest and looking at the lens at a blue target in the depths of the lens. Several images will be taken and if previous test has been done the data can easily be compared with those previous tests and progression charts demonstrated made. A 15-minute appointment is required.

The visual acuity and intraocular pressures are always included with the OCT testing using the Snellen chart and iCare tonometer.

5. Pachymetry

Pachymetry is the measurement of corneal thickness, an important test for diagnosing and managing glaucoma. Thicker or thinner than normal corneas can affect intraocular pressure (IOP) readings. Key benefits include:

  • Glaucoma Management: Helps in assessing the risk of glaucoma and adjusting IOP measurements to account for corneal thickness variations.
  • Pre-Surgical Assessment: Essential for evaluating patients before refractive surgery, such as LASIK, to ensure suitability and minimize risks.
  • Disease Monitoring: Useful for monitoring conditions like corneal edema and keratoconus, where corneal thickness is a critical parameter (Wikipedia) (Verywell Health).

6. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO)

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and autofluorescence. Clinica London uses the Californian Optos to visualise at least 170 degrees of the retina through an undilated pupil. It provides colour images of the whole of the back of the eye including the optic disc, retinal blood vessels and retina out to the equator and beyond. Autofluorescence views are also available which will show deeper pigmentation and changes within the choroid.

Uses: This provides photographic documentation of the overall appearance of the retina (colour) and of any pigmented lesions and deeper choroid (black and white). It can be used in children from the age of approximately four years upwards and all adults. It does not require pupil dilation, but pupil dilation may be done. It allows a scan of the retina to detect at a glance pathology.

Procedure: This is done as an outpatient procedure and takes 15 minutes just preceded by the visual acuity with the Snellen chart and the intraocular pressure with iCare tonometer. The patient sits comfortably with their chin on the chin rest at a slight angle but looking into the bowl of the machine where they will see a red light changing to a blue light and then a green light. When they see the green light this means that the images will be in focus, and they are asked to stare at that without moving so that the images may be taken. It is a good monitoring device for pathology. This is done as an outpatient procedure 15 minutes.

Key benefits include:

  • Wide Field Imaging: Offers a broad view of the retina, which is useful for diagnosing peripheral retinal conditions.
  • Functional Imaging: Allows for the assessment of retinal function, which can be important in diagnosing conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
  • Versatility: Can be used for a variety of diagnostic purposes, including autofluorescence imaging and microperimetry (Wikipedia) (Verywell Health).

7. Pentacam

The Pentacam is an advanced device that provides comprehensive analysis of the anterior segment of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens.

Key benefits include:

  • Corneal Topography: Detailed mapping of the corneal surface, essential for diagnosing and managing conditions like keratoconus and for planning refractive surgery.
  • Corneal Pachymetry
  • Anterior Segment Analysis: Offers detailed images and measurements of the anterior chamber, helping in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma and other anterior segment diseases.
  • Lens Analysis: Assists in the assessment of cataract and planning for intraocular lens (IOL) implantation during cataract surgery

8. Corneal Pachymetry

Corneal pachymetry involves measuring the thickness of the cornea by an ophthalmologist or ophthalmic technician using a pachymeter or with Pentacam corneal topography.

Pachymetry is imperative in corrective eye surgeries, including refractive surgery LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) on the cornea.

Measuring corneal thickness allows eye surgeons to determine eligibility for certain procedures. It also helps avoid any potential complications.

Pachymetry will also tell your surgeon if you have any inflammation or swelling in your cornea.

For example, people with corneal dystrophy such as Fuch’s Dystrophy may have built-up fluid in their cornea, which can make it swell. Those who wear contact lenses are also prone to swollen corneas which can subsequently cloud vision.

Pachymetry is used in Glaucoma Investigation where specific accuracy is required in the measurement of intra-ocular pressure (IOP). The central corneal thickness can influence the IOP and its interpretation.

A pachymetry test takes less than 5 minutes. If Pentacam corneal mapping (corneal topography) for shape as well is required, allow 15 minutes.

9. Eye Biometry – Ocular Biometry

Ocular biometry is a test that measures the dimensions of the eyeball: the axial length (distance between the anterior and posterior parts of the eye) and the depth of the anterior chamber (part between the cornea and the iris and lens).

Biometry measurements are used to check the power and size of lenses in patients about to undergo lens cataract surgery where an intraocular lens will be inserted. Biometry is essential to help define the type and strength of the intra-ocular lens implant that will replace the natural lens. Ocular biometry takes up to 15 minutes to perform.

10. Ultrasound vitreous and retina

A-scan and B-scan are two types of ultrasound tests used to examine the eyes. These scans help assess the structure of the eye and can also reveal underlying health conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes.

Ultrasound technology plays a crucial role in eye care, especially for diagnosing eye diseases and planning surgeries, such as cataract surgery.

While both A-scan and B-scan use the same basic ultrasound principles, they serve different purposes and provide distinct types of information:

  • A-scan: Primarily used to measure the eye’s length, which is important for procedures like cataract surgery.
  • B-scan: Provides a detailed two-dimensional image of the eye’s structures, often used when the view of the eye is obscured (e.g., by cataracts).

Both scans are essential tools in ophthalmology for evaluating and treating eye conditions.

Both A-scan and B-scan are safe, painless ultrasound procedures.

  • A-scan: Before starting, the practitioner will put anaesthetic drops in your eyes to numb them. The practitioner will ask you to look straight ahead while placing an ultrasound wand on the front surface of your eye. This wand sends out ultrasound waves, which bounce off the tissues in your eye to create measurements.
  • B-scan: For this scan, you’ll be asked to keep your eyes closed. A gel will be applied to your eyelids, and the practitioner will use an ultrasound probe over them. You may be asked to move your eyes in different directions as the scan is performed.

11. Nasal endoscopy

Nasal endoscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of your nasal cavity and the openings to your sinus passages. A practitioner inserts an endoscope—a long, thin tube with a camera and light—into your nose to capture video images, which are displayed on a screen for evaluation.

During the procedure:

  • Preparation: You’ll be seated, and your practitioner will apply a decongestant and numbing agent to your nose to help make the procedure more comfortable.
  • Examination: The practitioner will gently insert the endoscope into one side of your nose, examining your nasal and sinus passages for any abnormalities. Once this is complete, they will repeat the process on the other side.

The procedure will take up 10 minutes.

12. Syringing and probing

Syringing and probing is a procedure used to evaluate the anatomy and function of the lacrimal drainage system (tear ducts). It is a safe and well-tolerated procedure that provides valuable diagnostic information. Additionally, it aids in surgical planning if any blockages or abnormalities are found.

A 2 ml syringe filled with saline solution (a sterile saltwater solution) is attached to a lacrimal cannula. The patient’s head is gently tilted backward, and the cannula, which has a blunt tip, is inserted into the punctum (the small opening in the eyelid) and advanced into the canaliculus (the tear duct).

Saline is then flushed into the canaliculus through the cannula. If the solution drains into the throat, this indicates that the lacrimal drainage system is clear and functioning properly. However, if there is a blockage, the saline will not pass through to the nose and throat. Instead, it will flow back into the eye, confirming the presence of a blockage in the system. The procedure will take up 10 minutes.

These advanced eye diagnostic machines collectively enhance the diagnostic capabilities of the ClinicaDOC service, ensuring comprehensive and accurate assessments for a wide range of eye conditions. By leveraging such advanced technology, Clinica London can provide high-quality care and maintain its position as a leading diagnostic centre.

Diagnostic Tests Conducted by ClinicaDOC

  • Strabismus (squints) detection and measurement of amount
  • Amblyopia (reduced or lazy vision)
  • Binocular vision – how well the two eyes work together
  • Stereopsis depth
  • Nystagmus (wobbly eyes)
  • Genetics
  • Myopia
  • Visual field testing and analysis
  • Children’s visual development
  • Convergence and accommodation anomalies
  • DVLA Goldman Visual Fields
  • Diplopia (double vision)
  • Eye movement abnormalities
  • Adult cranial nerve palsies and neuro-orthoptics
  • Keratoconus
  • Nasal endoscopy in watering eyes
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